A Rectifier is an electrical device, which converts Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are used as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals
High power density in a rectifier means that a great amount of power has been packed into a small space. Therefore, smaller and lighter devices are able to meet more demanding energy needs – and require less materials, packaging, space and transportation
The energy efficiency of rectifiers refers to how well (that is, without losses) the energy is converted from the AC mains to the DC output. Another dimension of energy efficiency is how well the power system is controlled – to convert energy efficiently, rectifiers should always operate in the optimal way. Thus the best total energy efficiency is achieved by the controller and rectifier working together.
By replacing a rectifier from the 1990s (with an energy efficiency of 90%) with the latest technologies, you can reduce the CO2 emissions by approximately 7%. The older and less efficient the technology to be replaced is, the bigger the CO2 reduction.
The calibration procedure is dependent on the particular electronics installed in the rectifier. See the “ELECTRONIC MANUALS” for the electronics installed in your rectifier. These documents include information on adjustments and potentiometers to be adjusted at the board level.
Half-wave rectification - In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower.
Full-wave rectification - full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output voltage.
Bridge type rectifier - A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used
configuration, both with individual diodes wired and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.
An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
Standard Terminal, Front Terminal Access and Top Terminal Access
The most common battery rating is the AMP-HOUR RATING. This is a unit of measurement for battery capacity, obtained by multiplying a current flow in amperes by the time in hours of discharge.
One cycle of a battery is a discharge from full charge to full discharge and a return to full charge again. The total number of cycles a battery can perform before failure is called its Cycle Life.
Yes. OVERDISCHARGING is a problem which originates from insufficient battery capacity causing the batteries to be overworked.
AGM and Gel Type
In the SERIES CONNECTION, batteries of like voltage and Amp-Hour capacity are connected to increase the Voltage of the bank. The positive terminal of the first battery is connected to the negative terminal of the second battery and so on, until the desired voltage is reached. The final Voltage is the sum of all battery voltages added together while the final Amp-Hours remains unchanged.
In the PARALLEL CONNECTION, batteries of like voltages and capacities are connected to increase the capacity of the bank. The positive terminals of all batteries are connected together, or to a common conductor, and all negative terminals are connected in the same manner. The final voltage remains unchanged while the capacity of the bank is the sum of the capacities of the individual batteries of this connection.
Yes. OVERCHARGING is the most destructive element in battery service.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply is a device that sits between a power supply (e.g. a wall outlet) and a device (e.g. a computer) to prevent undesired features of the power source (outages, sags, surges, bad harmonics, etc.) from the supply from adversely affecting the performance of the device.
That depends on how big a UPS do you have and what kind of equipment it protects. For most typical computer workstations, one might have a UPS that was rated to keep the machine alive through a 15 minute power loss. If it is important for a machine to survive hours without power, one should probably look at a more robust power backup solution that includes a generator and other components. Even if a UPS powers a very small load, it must still operate its DC (battery) to AC converter (the inverter), which costs power.
Yes. Most UPS manufacturers support software that will do this for some UPS on at least some platforms.
The three general categories of modern UPS systems are on-line, line-interactive and offline or standby.
Typically, a UPS has a VA rating. The VA rating is the maximum number of Volts * Amps it can deliver. The VA rating is not the same as the power drain (in Watts) of the equipment. (This would be true if the loads were only resistive or the circuits were DC, not AC).
Adding external batteries increases the battery run time, giving you longer time to perform an orderly shutdown of your critical equipment or switchover to a generator set if available. However, adding external batteries does not increase the load capacity of the UPS.
An On-line UPS accepts input power with relatively wide variations in voltage and frequency, a common occurrence in power produced by standby generators. The true on-line (double conversion) technology provided by an On-Line UPS handles these variations by converting the input power from AC to DC and then converting DC to AC output power.
An Off-line or Line-interactive UPS is not recommended for use with a standby generator. An Off-line UPS passes utility power straight through to the load.
Square Wave units are not efficient and could be harmful to some electronic equipment. Square Wave units were the pioneers of inverter development and, like the horse and buggy, do not figure on today's power inverter highway.
Modified or Quasi Sine Wave output inverters are designed for efficiency while still being inexpensive to make. Although scientifically designed to somewhat simulate Pure Sine Wave output, Modified Sine Wave inverters do not offer the same "perfect" electrical output. Modified or Quasi Sine Wave output inverters are more than adequate for operating computers, drills, saws, microwaves, refrigerators, fans, pumps, and general electrical equipment including most small motors (except for some variable speed motors).
Pure or True Sine Wave inverters provide electrical power similar to the output of your wall plug, which is highly reliable and does not produce the electrical noise interference, which may result from use of a modified sine wave unit. With its "perfect" sine wave output, the power produced fully assures that your "sensitive loads" will be correctly powered, with no interference.
Most inverters in use (including utility and Telecom applications) are of "solid state" electronic construction, and are adequate for most light duty applications. Industrial loads with frequent starting surges (as with pumps, compressors, big fans, heavy power tools) and applications with long run requirements will require industrial quality inverters with transformer based technology.
"Heavy duty" applications require "heavy duty" inverters. Heavy duty applications will often damage a light duty quality inverter unit.
An inverter simply converts DC (battery) power into AC power and then passes it along to connected equipment. An inverter/charger does the same thing, except that it is connected to an AC power source to continuously charge the attached batteries when AC utility power is available. In the case of a power outage, the inverter will automatically switch to battery power to provide power to connected equipment.
Standby power generators are most often used in emergency situations, such as during a power outage. It is ideal for applications that have another reliable continuous power source like utility power.
Prime power ratings can be defined as having an “unlimited run time”, or essentially a generator that will be used as a primary power source and not just for standby or backup power.
Continuous power is similar to prime power but has a base load rating. It can supply power continuously to a constant load, but does not have the ability to handle overload conditions or work as well with variable loads. The main difference between a prime and continuous rating is that prime power gensets are set to have maximum power available at a variable load for an unlimited number of hours, and they generally include a 10% or so overload capability for short durations.
Generator ends are designed to be either reconnectable or non-reconnectable. If a generator is listed as reconnectable the voltage can be changed, consequently if it is non-reconnectable the voltage is not changeable. 12-lead reconnectable generator ends can be changed between three and single phase voltages; however, keep in mind that a voltage change from three phase to single phase will decrease the power out put of the machine. 10 lead reconnectable can converted to three phase voltages but not single phase.
Generator sets can be paralleled for either redundancy or capacity requirements. Paralleling generators allows you to electrically join them to combine their power output. Paralleling identical generators will not be problematic but some extensive thought should go into the overall design based on the primary purpose of your system. If you are trying to parallel
unlike generators the design and installation can be more complex and you must keep in mind the affects of engine configuration, generator design, and regulator design, just to name a few.
An automatic transfer switch (ATS) transfers power from a standard source, like utility, to emergency power, such as a generator, when the standard source fails. An ATS senses the power interruption on the line and in turn signals the engine panel to start. When the standard source is restored to normal power the ATS transfers power back to the standard source and shuts the generator down.
In general, most commercial generators can be converted from 60 Hz to 50 Hz. The general rule of thumb is 60 Hz machines run at 1800 Rpm and 50 Hz generators run at 1500 Rpm. With most generators changing the frequency will only require turning down the rpm’s of the engine. In some cases, parts may have to be replaced or further modifications made. Larger machines or machines already set at low Rpm are different and should always be evaluated on a case by case basis.
Solar panels use layers of special materials called semi-conductors that create electricity when exposed to sufficient light. There are different types of solar panel construction. Some panels tend to perform better in high temperatures and low light situations, but take up around twice the space.
A PV system is made up of different components. These include PV modules (groups of PV cells), which are commonly called PV panels; one or more batteries; a charge regulator or controller for a stand-alone system; an inverter for a utility-grid-connected system and when alternating current (ac) rather than direct current (dc) is required; wiring; and mounting hardware or a framework.
A PV system that is designed, installed, and maintained well will operate for more than 20 years. The basic PV module (interconnected, enclosed panel of PV cells) has no moving parts and can last more than 30 years. The best way to ensure and extend the life and effectiveness of your PV system is by having it installed and maintained properly.
PV can be used to power your entire home's electrical systems, including lights, cooling systems, and appliances.
The amount of electricity that you generate depends on the size of your system, which way it is facing, whether there is any shading from trees or other buildings and the local climatic conditions.
A photovoltaic (PV) system needs unobstructed access to the sun's rays for most or all of the day. Shading on the system can significantly reduce energy output.
Solar PV modules do not have built–in inverters. They are designed to be connected to a free–standing inverter.
There are many components that make up a complete solar system, but the 4 main items on a stand-alone system are: solar modules, charge controller(s), battery(s) and inverter(s).
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